Ko te whakapūmau i ngā tohu tīnei-tāwhiti he mōhio nui ki te whenua o ngā rorohiko. I mua, i whakamahia ngā tohu tīnei me te pūngao hei hanga tohu e āhei ana ki te whakawhiti i ngā whatu rorohiko, he tikanga nā te tōmua o te tekau tau atu i te kahurangi. I whai mana ai tēnei huihuinga mā tana wāhi herehere matua, ōna āhuatanga pai ki te pānga, me te rangatiratanga pai o te mahi pūnaha. Ko ngā tohu tīnei-pūngao ka noho āniwaniwa i tō ratau wā moe, ko tērā e āhei ana ki te mahi pai i te whakapūmau, kāore i te whakaroto i ngā momo whiuwhiu. No te 1950 ka whakaaetia ngā tohu tīnei-pūngao hei whanonga matua mō te mahi rorohiko, i whakamahi ake ngā momo āhuatanga katoa, pērā i ngā papa waehere tuhinga (PCBs) me ngā huia whakahaere. Hei whakaatu ngā pūrongo whenua, ko tana nui rawa i roto i te whakahou i te mahi rorohiko, me te pai ake me te tonu. Ko te whakamahi nui i runga i tana pai korekore, whakapiri i a ia ki te kīanga o te whakapūmau.
Ko te flux he komponenti e hāngai ana i te mahi o te whakapūtahi, me tana nuinga ranei i te mahi i ngā pūtake whakawhiti. Ko tana take matua he whakahē i te whakatupu o te uruwhenua, mā te whakamutu i te uruwhenua i runga i te mata ki te whakapūtahi, ka whakatinanahia ai te wāhi o te whakapūtahi, koia nei ka whakapai i te pai o ngā hononga. I mua, i whakamahia ngā momo flux ā-iwi, inaianei hei whakarite tonu mo ngā whakahaere ā-wāhanga. Nō te rorohiko, ko ngā flux rosin-based he pupuri kaha i te take whakatangata, ahakoa ko ngā flux kua whakaritea ki te wai he wāhanga tino pai ki te whakamahi i muri i te whakapūtahi, koinei ka taea e rātau te whakamahi i ngā huihuinga tino iti. I whakarerekētia ngā whakahaere flux, ka whakamana anō i te pai o te pūtahi pūtahi. I tuhia i ngā raraunga mō te hunga whakapūtahi, ngā whakamahinga hou o te mātauranga flux, tae atu ki te whakapai i ngā wāhi whakapūtahi me te whakatika i te mutuora o ngā hononga. Ko ēnei whakamahinga hou ka whakaatu i ngā whakatikatika ake i te hunga whakapūtahi, ka taea e rātau te whakapai i te tiaki i te wā, me te roa o ngā rorohiko o nehe. Ka whai muri hoki ngā rangahau me ngā hangaenga ki ngā whakahaere flux hou hei whakamahere i te mahi whakapūtahi mo ngā huihuinga rorohiko whakahirahira o tenei rā.
Kua whiwhi te hunga i te mōhiohanga o te whakapai wāhi i te 1970 ki tētahi pūnaha matihiko nui i te whakatere i te hanga i ngā rīpoata ā-waha (PCBs). Kua whakatipu tēnei kaupapa i ngā ratonga whakapai e hiahia ana kia whakapai i ngā hononga i tētahi tirohanga anake, kia whakatinana ai te wehi me te tuku atu i ngā take. Kua whakarerekētia te whenua i te tino pai a te whakapai wāhi ki te whakawhanake i ngā hononga katoa me te iti rawa i te mataku i runga i ngā kaupapa ā-ringa, heoi, kāore i te kore i ngā tirohanga. Kua heke te whakapai wāhi i ngā momo hanga iti nei me ngā hanga whakauru SMT, kia puta ai ki te hanga i ngā kaupapa motuhake hou e taea ana ngā herenga i aua tūranga.
Te whakatū ake o te Tāngata Whakaritorito ki te Ao (SMT) i te 1980s i tukua mai ngā huringa whakawhiti i te hanganga me te whai mahi o ngā rīpoata ā-waea. Ki te whakaae i te whakatakoto i ngā kōmponenti ki runga i te taha o te PCB, i whakamahia te SMT ki te hanga i ngā mōhiotanga iti me ngā mea hiki iwi, whakatūwhera i tētahi wāhanga hou i te ao o ngā rīpoata ā-waea. I whakaaro noa nei te hurihanga nei ki te hiahia mō ngā whakahaere huarere solder e pa ana ki ngā tono SMT, inanahi ēnei ka hanga hei whakarite i ngā kōmponenti fine-pitch. Kua whakatūria noa iho ēnei whakahaere i te whakapakari mahi, engari heoi anō ka whakahaukitea te hunga huarere solder, pērā i ngā whakahaere huarere solder e hanga nei hei whakarite i ngā momo hanga hou pērā i te AI me te whakahaere pūmanawa.
Ko te whakawhiti ki ngā pūkeke hēmi kore he mea i whai āheinga nui ana i ngā atihau me ngā take tuhituhi. Ngā tūtohu pērā i te Whakararu i ngā Matū Hara (RoHS) me te Pūtea Take mō ngā Pūkaha Rorohiko me ngā Pūkaha Hekenga (WEEE), kua whakaae kia horoia ngā matū hēmi nā te mea he mate hāpori rāngai, ā, he nui te whakatūroro i te taiao. Nā tēnei, e ai ki ngā pūkeke hēmi kore, ka noho ngā whakapuawaitanga tin-silver-copper. Ka tuku ngā rawa katoa nei ko ngā āhuatanga pai tonu hei whakaaro i ngā pūkeke hēmi o mua, engari he iti ake ngā uiui hāpori. Ko ngā whakapuawaitanga tin-silver-copper (SAC) kei te kitea i ana āhuatanga pai tonu i runga i te whiuwhiu ā-wero, e hīnātia ana hei tino hiranga mō ngā momo hangarau rorohiko. I muri i te whakatau a ngā ture nei, kua nui ake te āheinga whakamahi i ngā pūkeke hēmi kore i roto i te whenua, me te whakaputa a IPC he poropiti e kī ana ko te 80% anake o ngā hanga i whakawhiti ki ēnei whakaaetanga.
Nā ngā momo flux me te mōhio iti, ā, me ngā whirinaki kore-hoki hoki e whakatū ki tētahi whakamārama nui i roto i ngā mahi whakapipiwhara rānei, tirotiro mai i ngā mahi hokiherehere pērā i muri i te whakapipiwara. Nā ēnei whirinaki flux e whai wāhi ana ki ngā rerekē haeretia hei whakaiti i te hanga o ngā whakarite i runga i te whakapipiwara, ā, ka whakawhanake i te whakapono me te whaihua i roto i ngā rīpoata ā-mahi. Ko te whakapuawaitanga rākei a ngā flux nei, ko te nuinga he whakahaere pūnaha raraunga, ka whakatakoto hei whakauru, hei whakamana kua noho kore-tangata i runga i ngā papa matapihi tuhipoka. Ka whakahīnaki tēnei whakaahoranga i ngā utu mahi mō ngā kaihangaa e whakakore ana i te hiahia ki ngā mahi hokiherehere nui. Nā ngā kaiwhakamātau i te rautaki e kī ana ko te hiahia ki te whakatū i ngā momo flux e hāngai ana ki ngā whakahaere ā-mahi me te whakapono, kei te whakatū ki te whakamahi i ēnei whirinaki flux. Hei tauira, kei te nui ake te hiahia o ngā kaihangaa ki ngā whakaritenga e taea ana ngā paihou me te tirohia mai i ngā paerewa herehere nui, kia uhi tonu ngā paihou me te whakapono anō i waenganui i ō rātou ao whakatupuranga. Ko tētahi whakauru e whai ake nei i te whakarāpopotonga ā-IPC, he whakapae nui hoki te hiahia ki te pūtake kore-hoki, nā ngā herenga ā-mahi me te whakapono.
Kua hanga te Pāpate Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Sn99Ag0.3Cu0.7 No.4 Powder Tin Hei whakamahere i te tino matatika me te tūmanako mō ngā whakamahi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki te kotahi. Ko tana whakarite, e pā ana ki te kōrero, te hīnau, me te rauti, ka tiakina he whakaaetanga i ngā paihere taiao o te ao, pēnei i a RoHS. Ka whiwhi tēnei pāpate whakawhitiwhiti i te mata tuatahi pai, ka tuku mai iho he pai rawa te whai wāhi me te tūmanako mō ngā whakamahi whakawhitiwhiti ā-iwi. Nā ngā hunga whakahaere e whakawhitiwhiti ana ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero kotahi te pai rawa me te tūmanako, ka whakamana hoki i ngā tauira take e whakaatu nei i te whakapai i te whakauru whakawhitiwhiti.
Kua whai mana te Tin Lead Sn63Pb37 Low Residue No-Clean Solder Paste i ngā whakamahi e hiahiatia ana te whanaketanga iti i muri i te whakapuaki, pai noa iho mo ngā kōmihana e hēmi ana i ngā ture whai waiporitanga. Ko ōna āhuatanga herenga me ngā āhuatanga matū e tiakina nei ia ki te taea te piki i runga i ngā kaupapa hanganga etika raraunga. Kua whakahēhia e ngā tohunga o ngā rīpora etika tōna kairangi, whakaatuatia ai tōna mahi i te iti i ngā rautekau kaiwhakahaere me te whakapai i te mataku hanganga. Kua kitea rawa enei pūtahi whakapuaki hei whai mana i te whakarite i te tino rangatiratanga i roto i ngā rīpora etika e hiahiatia ana te tino whakawātea.
Mō ngā tono me ngā hua rorohiko whakamahara, ko te Low-Temperature Sn60Pb40 Solder Paste he mea nui. Ko tana tikanga hei āwhina i te whakapuaki wehi iti, e pūmau ana i te mate o ngā hua rorohiko kēnā. Ko te kauwhata wehi me te paihere tahuri iti o te pūngao e whakaaeke ana ki te wehenga pūngao tae noa, ka tiakina te mana o ngā huinga. Me nehe ai te hunga pūkaha, pērā i ngā kaihanga āhuarangi hauora, i tēnei hangarau hei whakatipu i te whakaaro taea me te roa o te mahi, e whakaatu ana i tana uaua i ngā tono wehi iti.
Kua whakaritea ngā āhuatanga o te Sn55Pb45 Solder Paste hei whakamahi mō ngā rūma LED, tuku mai i te pai me te hirahira i ngā here here me ngā here wero, ka whai take mō ngā whakamahi LED matatahi nui. Kua tirotirohia ngā āhuatanga nei hei whakamana i ngā whakahaere LED pūmau, e whakaū ana i te kawe pai me te hononga. I runga i te whiwhinga nui mo ngā whakahaere māroro-enereti, ka taea tēnei utuherehere te tiki i ngā hiahia whakahaere, e āhei ana ki te hanga pai mō ngā rōpū LED matatahi. Hei whakamārama i ngā raraunga wā kua whai mana te whakamahi LED, e tika ana ki ngā pūkenga o tēnei utuherehere ki te whakamana i ngā momo whakahaere LED hou.
Te whakauru i te nano-silver ki ngā horopaki whakaritenga tūtohu ka whai take, inahea nei, nā tōna tohu āhua pai rawa me te tiarii. Ko te nano-silver te tohu e homai te hīraunga wana me te hīraunga ā-mahi nui atu i ngā rara hou o mua, mahia tērā hei whiringa pai mō ngā whakahaere matatini hihiko. I tenei wā, ko te rangahau hou ki ngā tauhokohoko whakarite he whakaaro mō ō rātou āheinga ki te whakapai i ngā āhuatanga pūnaha me ngā āhuatanga hīraunga o ngā kaiwhakarito. Nō reira, ko ēnei āheinga hōu e hanga kē ana i ngā takirua o te hunga whakarato tūtohu, e mihi ana i ngā whakamaharatanga nui i te mana me te tūmanako. Ko ngā whakawhitinga i ahua ai ngā kaiwhakahaere i te whenua e kitea ana e ngā whakarāpopotonga ahumāra i roto i ngā whakarāpopoto i te ao, e whakatū mai ana i tētahi wāhanga o ngā rara hokomaha hoki.
Ki te whakapā mai ngā āhuatanga taiao, ka whai wāhi tonu ki ngā mahi whakamahinga, ka whakanui ake te whakahaere i ngā rautaki whakarite hōhonu hei whakamahi i ngā momo whakarongo. E āhei ana enei kaupapa ki te whakamahi i ngā take pūtaiao kē e taea ana te iti i ngā waipiro hiruhiru me te iti i ngā taenga aniwaniwa ki te rangi. Ka tukuna ngā whakaawentanga hou pērā i te whakamahi i ngā flux matua whenua me ngā pakiri whakahokia e āwhina ana i te iti i te nui o te whiu ki te taiao. Ki te whakaaro o ngā mātau, ka whai take tonu te whakamahitanga i ngā poraka whakarongo e pai ana ki te taiao, e whakatairangitia ana e te whēako whai mōhio me te hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi ki ngā mea whakarite pai. Ko tēnei whiti e tika tonu ana ki te whakaae ture, ā, e tika ana hoki ki te hīkoi o te ao ki runga i te whenua kahurangi, e hangaia nei e ngā kaiwhakarite i te kāwanatanga whakarauropu whakarongo.
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